"A non-combined (or prototypical) converb may be defined (a) positively - as a verb form semantically related to another verb form, and (b) negatively - as a verb form which does not occur in the position (1) of the predicate of a simple non-elliptical sentence, (2) of the attribute to a noun, (3) of the complement in complement (object) clauses, (4) of the subject. In the above mentioned four positions the following verb forms occur: (1) a finite form, (2) a participle, (3) an infinitive, (4) a gerund.
Syntax/Morphosyntax
1993
1992
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"Where the language is spoken, its classification, a description of the corpus of data the description is based on and how much of it, when it was collected, who the principal language helpers were, etc., references to anything else written on the language, highlight the linguistically interesting features of the language." (Roberts, 1992: 1)
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The database could be seen as a first step towards the Surrey Database of Agreement, where much more detailed criteria were employed.
The questionnaire was developed for the ESF Eurotyp project.
1991
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The questionnaire was developed for the Eurotyp project.
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The questionnaire was developed within the context of the Eurotyp project.
1990
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''This document provides a set of descriptors to be used in describing the internal structure of the noun phrase across languages. As used by the author, a descriptor is a statement like, "There is no plural marker." The author refers to a coherent set of descriptors as a "checklist", which is roughly equivalent to "questionnaire" for other authors. In addition to developing the proposed general checklist in outline, the author discusses the criteria adopted for the evaluation of typological checklists.
1989
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"This questionnaire was sent to all the contributors of the volume Typological Studies in Negation, edited by Kahrel and van den Berg (John Benjamins, 1994)." (Van den Berg and Kahrel, 1989: 1)
1987
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"This questionnaire is meant to supplement Comrie and Smith's (1977: 21—24) questionnaire concerned with semantic reflexivity and reciproc- ity, two of the meanings frequently rendered by RVs across languages. Our concern is with reflexive markers (RMs), their range of functions, existence and non-existence of particular RV types, the universal and language-specific properties of RV systems and existing RV types, and also with rivalling strategies used to express the meanings that can be rendered by RVs." (Geniusiené, 1987: 361).
1985
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"The link labeled Tenses, Moods and Aspects (TMA) Questionnaire connects to Dahl's typological study of tense and aspect systems." (Typological tools for field linguistics website. https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/tools-at-lingboard/questionnaire/tma_description.php)
The questionnaire was published as an appendix in his book Tense and Aspect Systems (1985):
1977
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''A questionnaire primarily designed for grammar-writing, but with useful structural questions that should be addressed in the field; the Lingua Questionnaire underlies the North Holland/Croom Helm/Routledge Descriptive grammar series. This questionnaire provides the basic questions for the description of many of the constructions found in human language. A large number of grammars have been written based on the questionnaire.